[4]. [42][43] Historians do not know whether these strengthening forces would still have ultimately resulted in conflict in the absence of the Balfour Declaration. Whilst both Prime Ministers were Liberals and both governments were wartime coalitions, Lloyd George and Balfour, appointed as his Foreign Secretary, favoured a post-war partition of the Ottoman Empire as a major British war aim, whereas Asquith and his Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey, had favoured its reform. [82], Early in 1916 a further memorandum was submitted to the British Foreign Office as a formal communication from the Jewish Conjoint Foreign Committee. How could they address 122 new German divisions hitting them in the European front. Our justification for our policy is that we regard Palestine as being absolutely exceptional; that we consider the question of the Jews outside Palestine as one of world importance, and that we conceive the Jews to have an historic claim to a home in their ancient land; provided that home can be given them without either dispossessing or oppressing the present inhabitants.”, This statement was first made during a debate regarding the upcoming, The Palestine Royal Commission described Lloyd George’s evidence as follows: “In the evidence he gave before us Mr. Lloyd George, who was Prime Minister at the time, stated that, while the Zionist cause had been widely supported in Britain and America before November, 1917, the launching of the Balfour Declaration at that time was “due to propagandist reasons”; and, he outlined the serious position in which the Allied and Associated Powers then were. [159] The Jewish Chronicle, 26 May 1916. However, those noble aims directed toward the colonization of Palestine by Jewish peasants and farmers are not in contradiction to these obligations, because they have no relation whatsoever to the founding of a national state.[6]. [275] On 12 December, the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Talaat Pasha, gave an interview to the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung[275] that was published on 31 December and subsequently released in the German-Jewish periodical Jüdische Rundschau on 4 January 1918,[276][275] in which he referred to the declaration as “une blague”[275] (a deception) and promised that under Ottoman rule “all justifiable wishes of the Jews in Palestine would be able to find their fulfilment” subject to the absorptive capacity of the country. [137] The Times (London), 24 May 1917. [xix] In the United States the press began using the terms “Jewish National Home”, “Jewish State”, “Jewish republic” and “Jewish Commonwealth” interchangeably. [147] Yale, The Near East: A Modern History, p. 241 Also article by William Yale in World Politics (New Haven: April 1949), Vol. 163-164. [11][12] The 1881–1884 anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire encouraged the growth of the latter identity, resulting in the formation of the Hovevei Zion pioneer organizations, the publication of Leon Pinsker‘s Autoemancipation, and the first major wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine – retrospectively named the “First Aliyah“. This is the Holy War (herem) which God "commanded" the Hebrews to wage against the Canaanites for the possession of the Promised Land. As subsequent supporters, with Lord Melchett, of "Political and Economic Planning" (PEP), they exercised considerable influence on British inter-war policy. [49] Gottheil to Louis 0. Are we to keep our pledge to the Zionists made in 1917...? The Committee of the Jewish Communities (in Italian: Weizmann wrote that: “it appears desirable from every point of view that the British Government should give expression to its sympathy and support of the Zionist claims on Palestine. 504-505, fn. The Roumanians had been crushed. [65], The Arab Revolt was launched on June 5th, 1916,[70] on the basis of the quid pro quo agreement in the correspondence. [aq] The Palestine Royal Commission – in making the first official proposal for partition of the region – referred to the requirements as “contradictory obligations”,[337][338] and that the “disease is so deep-rooted that, in our firm conviction, the only hope of a cure lies in a surgical operation”. Military situation at 18:00 on 1 Nov 1917, immediately prior to the release of the Balfour Declaration. Preparatory steps towards obtaining Government consent where necessary to the attainment of the aim of Zionism.[5]. Universalism has come up with "interdependence," an expression used as a cover for the expropriation of our earnings as foreign aid in various forms; it has anesthetized the sense of self-defense of our countries so that those who have tried to stop their colonization by people from exploding populations of Africa, Asia and Latin America have been made to feel that they were depriving others of their "human rights.". 5. Wilson had been approached as requested and had expressed the opinion that "the time was not opportune for any definite statement further, perhaps, than one of sympathy, provided it can be made without conveying any real commitment." As these interests might be considered paramount to British statesmen, support for Zionist aims there, Caster said, was fully justified. In a careful study, Prof. Alex M. Arnett showed in 1937 that Wilson had decided to put the United States into the war on the side of the Allies many months before the resumption of U-boat warfare by Germany, which was promoted as a sufficient reason.[182]. Further drafts were discussed by the British Cabinet during September and October, with input from Zionist and anti-Zionist Jews but with no representation from the local population in Palestine. [89], The voluntary system of enlistment was abolished, and a mass conscript army of continental pattern was adopted, something which had never before occurred in British history. [153][DD] (1879-1924). [172] See 'The Zionist-Israel Juridical claims to constitute "The Jewish people" nationality entity and to confer membership in it: Appraisal in public international law.' Elle est adressée à Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild (1868-1937), personnalité éminente de la communauté juive britannique et financier du mouvement sioniste , aux fins de retransmission. [73], A few weeks after the interview, the Berlin Zionists' pressure was further weakened by the uncovering by Turkish Intelligence of a Zionist spy ring working for General Allenby's Intelligence section under an Aaron Aaronssohn. an area of less than 10,000 square miles. Until mid-1914, the surface of European diplomatic relations was placid, reflecting successfully negotiated settlements of colonial and other questions. 213-214, fns. Wilson had written to the Senate, where opposition to the nominee was strong: "I have known him. He graduated from University of London King's College, and then studied at the Middle Temple , Inns of Court, in London . [339][340] Following the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, and as worldwide tensions rose in the buildup to World War II, the British Parliament approved the White Paper of 1939 – their last formal statement of governing policy in Mandatory Palestine – declaring that Palestine should not become a Jewish State and placing restrictions on Jewish immigration. He had to win sympathy as well as conviction." With the geopolitical shakeup occasioned by the outbreak of WWI, the earlier calculation… The day after that, Sokolow and Picot met alone at the French embassy, on this occasion Picot said “He personally would see that the facts about Zionism were communicated to the proper quarters and he would do his best to win for the movement whatever sympathies were necessary to be won so far as compatible with the French standpoint on this question.”. Speaking in the House of Commons on 4 July 1922, Winston Churchill asked rhetorically. pp.35. [216] Subsequent British governments have acknowledged this deficiency, in particular the 1939 committee led by the Lord Chancellor, Frederic Maugham, which concluded that the government had not been “free to dispose of Palestine without regard for the wishes and interests of the inhabitants of Palestine”,[217] and the April 2017 statement by British Foreign Office minister of state Baroness Anelay that the government acknowledged that “the Declaration should have called for the protection of political rights of the non-Jewish communities in Palestine, particularly their right to self-determination.”[ai][aj], The second safeguard clause was a commitment that nothing should be done which might prejudice the rights of the Jewish communities in other countries outside of Palestine. [100] This was the significant development, said Malcolm, which compelled a new approach to the Zionists by offering them the key to Palestine. The Balfour Declaration was a public pledge by Britain, declaring its aim to establish "a national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. [140] Ibid., p 149. They produced dozens of Yiddish periodicals; they patronized numerous Yiddish theatres and music halls; their sons and daughters were filling the metropolitan colleges and universities. In the U.S., in July 1917, a special mission consisting of Henry Morgenthau, Sr., and Justice Brandeis's nephew, Felix Frankfurter, was charged by President Wilson to proceed to Turkey, against which the United States did not declare war, to sound out the possibility of peace negotiations between Turkey and the Allies. [88] They must be considered alongside the Sykes-Picot Agreement being negotiated at this time, and the virtual completion of the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence by 10 March 1916, with the hope that an Arab revolt and other measures would bring victory near. 10. VIII, p.220,15 May 1916. [57] Oxford and Asquith, Earl, Memories and Reflections (London: Cassell, 1928), Vol. The war would be more speedily ended, and we would be in a strong position to aid the other great democracies in turning the world into the right paths. [52], In January 1915 Samuel produced a Zionist memorandum on Palestine after discussions with Weizmann and Lloyd George. Milner’s appointment to the Cabinet was due to his role as, Quigley wrote: “This declaration, which is always known as the Balfour Declaration, should rather be called “the Milner Declaration,” since Milner was the actual draftsman and was, apparently, its chief supporter in the War Cabinet. The Balfour Declaration, as stated, was issued on 2 November 1917. ''The Jews may spend their millions. They and their forefathers have occupied the country for the best part of 1,500 years. Weizmann, however, accompanied by the French Zionist M. Weyl, forewarned, proceeded to intercept them at Gibraltar and persuaded them to return home. [345], Britain’s involvement in this became one of the most controversial parts of its Empire’s history, and damaged its reputation in the Middle East for generations. [65] Richard Lichtheim to Leonard Stein, 12 February 1952, The Balfour Declaration, p.209, fn. House had actually sailed on the British ship Lusitania and as it approached the Irish coast on 5 February, the captain ordered the American flag to be raised. He added to the rebuttal with accounts of hardship in areas of German military action in Poland, Belgium and Serbia. [131][BB] The French note represented a defeat for the "Syrian Party" in the government who believed in French dominion over the entire area. In 1916 all this seems to have been forgotten. [102], This anti-Russian sentiment was part of a deep concern for the well-being of Russian and Polish Jews. But the British public -- and the French, and the German -- were not allowed to know the numbers of the dead and wounded. [55], Many further discussions followed, including the initial meetings in 1915–16 between Lloyd George, who had been appointed Minister of Munitions in May 1915,[56] and Weizmann, who was appointed as a scientific advisor to the ministry in September 1915. The Balfour Declaration was a letter penned in 1917 by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild, a Zionist leader in the UK. The West German weekly Stern, 24 August 1982, carried an article by Austria's Jewish Chancellor, Bruno Kreisky, stating that Israel had committed "gigantic crimes'' in its invasion of Lebanon. We ought to be fully prepared to take advantage of any occasion that offers itself. Israeli professor of sociology Menachem Friedman wrote: “…one cannot overestimate [the declaration’s] dramatic influence on the Jewish masses, especially those living in Eastern Europe. Sir William Wiseman, "who was persona grata both with the President and with House, was relied upon by the Foreign Office for dealing with the declaration at the American end. When the Rothschild efforts destroyed Russia in World War One, and Lenin pulled out of the war, the British foreseeing this panicked. This is the operative sentence in the Balfour Declaration, issued 103 years ago on November 2 by British Foreign Secretary Lord Arthur James Balfour on behalf of the British government, and transmitted by Balfour to Lord Walter Rothschild for passing along to the British Zionist Federation. In 1916, Isaacs was a viscount; in 1917 an earl. The Idea of a Jewish State, p. Walter Page, the U.S. Lawrence added, “It is manifestly right that the Jews who are scattered all over the world should have a national centre and a national home where some of them may be reunited. I should be grateful if you would bring this Declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Lord Robert Cecil stated to the British Cabinet: "France is within measurable distance of exhaustion. Another most cogent reason for the adoption by the Allies of the policy of the Declaration lay in the state of Russia herself. [111] Report of the Twelfth Zionist Congress (London: Central Office of the Zionist Organization, 1922), p. In his diary Herzl describes submitting his draft proposals to the Rothschild Family Council, noting: "I bring to the Rothschilds and the big Jews their historical mission. [W] Associated with Israel M. Sieff, another of Weizmann's inner circle, in the business which later became Marks & Spencer, Ltd. Sieff was appointed an economic consultant to the U.S. Administration (OPA) in March 1924. [26] Protocols of the 10th Zionist Congress, p.11. It greatly increased popular support for Zionism within Jewish communities worldwide, and became a core component of the British Mandate for Palestine, the founding document of Mandatory Palestine, which later became Israel and the Palestinian territories. The response was negligible, and in July 1917 the Military Service (Conventions with Allies) Act was given Royal assent. To Wilson, House stated that "The Jews from every tribe descended in force, and they seem determined to break in with a jimmy, if they are not let in." [24], At the Tenth Zionist Congress in 1911, David Wolffsohn, who had succeeded Herzl, said in his presidential address that what the Zionists wanted was not a Jewish state but a homeland, [26] while Max Nordau denounced the "infamous traducers," who alleged that "the Zionists ... wanted to worm their way into Turkey in order to seize Palestine . At that time Ormsby-Gore, speaking for the government in Commons, said, “The draft as originally put up by Lord Balfour was not the final draft approved by the War Cabinet. [139] This letter stressed the colonialist aspect of Zionism, but detracted from the strong statist declaration of Weizmann. [36] Die Welt, 22 January 1909. [108], This Programme does not appear to have reached Cabinet level at the time it was issued, probably because of Asquith's known lack of sympathy, but as recorded by Samuel Landman, the Zionist Organization was given official British facilities for its international correspondence.[109]. He quotes Miller, writing about one report on the history and impact of Zionism, “absolutely inadequate from any standpoint and must be regarded as nothing more than material for a future report”[166], Lord Robert Cecil on 2 December 1917, assured an audience that the government fully intended that “Judea [was] for the Jews.”[164] Yair Auron opines that Cecil, then a deputy Foreign Secretary representing the British Government at a celebratory gathering of the English Zionist Federation, “possibly went beyond his official brief” in saying (he cites Stein) “Our wish is that Arabian countries shall be for the Arabs, Armenia for the Armenians and Judaea for the Jews”.[167]. He said that "the very thought of the mass of the Jews of America having a voice in the matter of deciding the welfare of the Jews in the world made him shrink in horror."[107]. The implementation of the declaration fed a disenchantment among the Arabs that alienated them from the British administrators in Mandatory Palestine. To reach into ONEself and find love is to bring down the wailing wall that divides rather than unites. 141. Early British political support for an increased Jewish presence in the region of Palestine was based upon geopolitical calculations. What would now be called political and military summit meetings were held in France to plan for it. [178] Ibid., p.455. If war follows, it will not be a new war, but an endeavor to end more speedily an old one. 452. The declaration was contained in a letter dated 2 November 1917 from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great … ", Acceptance of this input from the Right into our computations has resulted in the transfer of some $50 billion from our pockets into theirs. Herzl showed his desire for some foothold in England, and also perhaps his respect for London as the world's financial center, by causing the Jewish Colonial Trust, which was to be the main financial instrument of his Movement, to be incorporated in 1899 as an English company. When Weizmann, for the Zionists, together with Malcolm, for the Armenians, went on 10 June to the Foreign Office to protest such a plan, Weizmann broadly suggested that the Zionist leaders in Germany were being courted by the German Government, and he mentioned, to improve credibility, that approaches were made to them through the medium of a Dr. Lepsius. Why does no public figure -- politician, labor leader -- dare to ask -- and raise the roof? Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 396, fn. [170], Responding to Curzon in January 1919, Balfour wrote “Weizmann has never put forward a claim for the Jewish Government of Palestine. There is no reason to suppose that, as the force at the front in the different theatres of war increases, the casualties will increase at a lower rate. Some who favored it formed the Jewish Territorial Organization, under the leadership of Israel Zangwill (1864-1926). 58. But Wilson had declared war one month before! [163] Ibid., p.453. It was contained in a Memorandum Respecting a Peace Settlement, circulated to the Cabinet with the consent of the Prime Minister. The latter, however, will prove stronger than we for innumerable years to come." Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917. [48] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp.197-198. This account appears in William Yale's book The Near East: A Modern History. Translation from Russian (Dresden, 1932), No.80. He just mumbled something about 'attrition'. [68] On 5 June 1915 Victor Jacobson was received at the German Foreign Office by the Under-Secretary of State (von Zimmerman) and regular contact commenced between the Berlin Zionist Executive (Warburg, Hantke and Jacobson) and the German Foreign Office. 200-201. [178] Non-Zionist Jews now had a hard time if they wanted to disseminate their views; if they could not support Zionism they were asked at least to remain silent. Balfour Declaration 1917. This was treated as a matter of urgency, as Weizmann believed it would remove the support from non-Zionist Jews [142] and ensure against the uncertainties inseparable from the war. [xxxviii] The foundational stone for modern Israel had been laid, but the prediction that this would lay the groundwork for harmonious Arab-Jewish cooperation proved to be wishful thinking. IV, No.196, fn. Dabei sollten die Rechte bestehender nicht-jüdischer Gemeinschaften gewahrt bleiben. Balfour said the British government viewed “with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” and that the government would “use their beast endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this project. The first of the battles opened on 9 April 1917, heralded by a bombardment of 2,700,000 shells. To fulfill this mission we do not have to remain literally planted among the nations who hate and despite us. [160] New York Times, Obituary, 18 June, 1962. [130] Separately, a very different draft had been prepared by the Foreign Office, described in 1961 by Harold Nicolson – who had been involved in preparing the draft – as proposing a “sanctuary for Jewish victims of persecution”. 267. David Cronin Pluto Press 2017. In addition, the FAZ and the PZC collected millions of dollars during the war years. [222] The original drafts of Rothschild, Balfour, and Milner did not include this safeguard, which was drafted together with the preceding safeguard in early October,[222] in order to reflect opposition from influential members of the Anglo-Jewish community. [111] Herzl's suggestion that they would get Palestine "not from the goodwill but from the jealousy of the Powers," [112] was being made to come true. With my watch in hand do I await this terrible moment. [93] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp. Sykes and Malcolm, apart from the consideration of Zionism and future American support for the war, were concerned with the possibility of an Arab-Jewish-Armenian entente which, through amity between Islamic, Jewish and Christian peoples, would bring peace, stability and a bright new future for the inhabitants of this area where Europe, Asia Minor and Africa meet. 98. The "Shield of David" is of Assyrian origin: previously a decorative motif or magical emblem. They were made because it was considered they would be of value to us in our struggle to win the war. On 13 June 1917 Weizmann wrote Sir Ronald Graham at the Foreign Office that "it appears desirable from every point of view that the British Government should give expression to its sympathy and support of the Zionist claims on Palestine. To me, who dealt with these matters as a junior officer of the General Staff, he brought from many sources all the evidences that could be obtained of the importance of a Jewish national home to the strategical position of the British Empire, but he always indicated by a hundred shades and inflections of the voice that he believed that I could also appreciate better than my superiors other more subtle and recondite arguments. From these it was clear that although certain members of the Cabinets of 1916 and 1917 sympathized with Zionist aspirations, the efforts of Zionist leaders to win any promise of support from the British Government had proved quite ineffectual, and the secret Sykes-Picot agreement with the French for partition of spheres of interest in the Middle East seemed to doom Zionist aims. [86] No direct reply was received, but in a note addressed to the British and French ambassadors four days later, Sazonov obliquely assented, subject to guarantees for the Orthodox Church and its establishments, to raise no objection to the settlement of Jewish colonists in Palestine.[87]. [Z] [124], Several conversations were held with Picot, including one on 9 April when other officials included Jules Cambon, the Secretary-General of the Foreign Ministry, and the Minister's Chef de Cabinet, Exactly what assurances were given to Sokolow is uncertain, but he wrote to Weizmann "that they accept in principle the recognition of Jewish nationality in terms of a national home, local autonomy, etc." A manifesto of solidarity with the opinions of Alexander and Montefiore was sent to The Times on 1 June 1917; and in the same month at Buffalo, N.Y., the President of the Annual Convention of the Central Conference of American Rabbis added his weight against Jewish nationalism: "I am not here to quarrel with Zionism. Military factors primarily influenced Lenin to sign the peace treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918. In March 1916, therefore, the Zionists invited a number of other organizations to set up a congress. The particular draft assented to by the War Cabinet and afterwards by the Allied Governments and by the United States… and finally embodied in the Mandate, happens to have been drafted by Lord Milner. Leaflets containing its message were dropped by air on Germany and Austria and on the Jewish belt from Poland to the Baltic Sea. [240], Herbert Samuel, the Zionist MP whose 1915 memorandum had framed the start of discussions in the British Cabinet, was asked by Lloyd George on 24 April 1920 to act as the first civil governor of British Palestine, replacing the previous military administration that had ruled the area since the war. It was Herzl who created the first Zionist Congress at Basel, Switzerland, 29-31 August 1897, [B] There were 197 "delegates"; some were orthodox, some nationalist, liberal, atheist, culturalist, anarchist, socialist and some capitalist. [121] James Malcolm was then asked to go alone to Paris to arrange an interview for Sokolow directly with the French Foreign Minister. Yet the Jew who believes in Divine Providence was almost compelled to believe that the Balfour Declaration was a manifestation of God’s Grace. 1952) p.27. November 2nd, 1917. It is something that we have to face with fortitude, being consoled by the thought that no matter what sacrifices we make, the end will justify them. But before it was sent, a telegram from Colonel House dated 11 September reached the Foreign Office. Lloyd George, an earnest and powerful demagogue, was now prepared to oust Asquith, his chief, by a coup de main. Regrettably, some of the company in that award would be hard to bear! [184] War Memoirs of David Lloyd George (Boston: Little, Brown, 1933), pp. [133] In order to aid the discussions, the War Cabinet Secretariat, led by Maurice Hankey and supported by his Assistant Secretaries[134][135] – primarily Sykes and his fellow Conservative MP and pro-Zionist Leo Amery – solicited outside perspectives to put before the Cabinet. They kept their word.”, Per Lloyd George’s memoirs: “The Balfour Declaration represented the convinced policy of all parties in our country and also in America, but the launching of it in 1917 was due, as I have said, to propagandist reasons… The Zionist Movement was exceptionally strong in Russia and America… It was believed, also, that such a declaration would have a potent influence upon world Jewry outside Russia, and secure for the Entente the aid of Jewish financial interests. [77] Hatikvah (Antwerp), December 1927, contains article by Basch. [144] To which Balfour remarked, "Personally, I should still prefer to associate the U.S.A. in the Protectorate, should we succeed in securing it." A copy of Lord Rothschild’s initial draft declaration, together with its covering letter, 18 July 1917, from the British War Cabinet archives. Between 1881 and 1905, there was an immigration of some 100,000 Eastern Jews. In this, Wilson may have been particularly motivated by his passion to stop the massacres of Armenian and Greek Christians which were then taking place in Turkey and for whom he expressed immense solicitude On many occasions. [am] In February 1922 Churchill telegraphed Samuel, who had begun his role as High Commissioner for Palestine 18 months earlier, asking for cuts in expenditure and noting: In both Houses of Parliament there is growing movement of hostility, against Zionist policy in Palestine, which will be stimulated by recent Northcliffe articles. [78] Conjoint Foreign Committee, 1915/340. [172], Greece’s Foreign Minister told the editor of the Salonica Jewish organ Pro-Israel that “the establishment of a Jewish State meets in Greece with full and sincere sympathy … A Jewish Palestine would become an ally of Greece.”[164] In Switzerland, a number of noted historians including professors Tobler, Forel-Yvorne, and Rogaz, supported the idea of establishing a Jewish state, with one referring to it as “a sacred right of the Jews.”[164] While in Germany, officials and most of the press took the Declaration to mean a British sponsored state for the Jews.[164]. In this maneuver he was powerfully aided by the newspaper proprietor Northcliffe, [V] who turned all his publications from The Times downwards to depreciate Asquith, and by the newspaper-owing M.P., Max Aitken (later Lord Beaverbrook). [120a] 120a. The background of British support under Balfour for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, though idealistically embedded in 19th-century evangelical expectations and Christian feelings that England was to play a role in the Advent of the Millennium and Christ's Second Coming, was primarily linked to geopolitical calculations. "For the first time the Jewish problem was presented forcefully before a European forum," wrote Weizmann. [332][333][334] The “dual obligation” to the two communities quickly proved to be untenable;[335] the British subsequently concluded that it was impossible for them to pacify the two communities in Palestine by using different messages for different audiences. Que les juifs malheureux viennent s’y refugieret se comportent en bons citoyens de ce pays, notre humanite s’en rejouit mais quells soient places sous un gouverment musulman ou chretien mandate par La Societe des nations. [177] The 3 January 1919 Faisal–Weizmann Agreement was a short-lived agreement for Arab–Jewish cooperation on the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. [167] In October, after seeing House together with Wise, de Haas reported to Brandeis: ''He has told us that he was as interested in our success as ourselves." [22] Lipsky, A Gallery of Zionist Profiles, p.36. [40] When the defense of Egypt was discussed at the meeting, Winston Churchill suggested that the ideal method of defending Egypt was to attack the Gallipoli Peninsula which, if successful, would give Britain control of the Dardenelles. In at Haifa or some other point on the theory of discontent was unacceptable to me subjugation of one by! Turks gave Hussein details of the American Delegation to the balfour declaration rothschild are commonly believed to have further! Think of Zionism as a possible make-weight against the Aliens Bill and against tightening up naturalization regulations in 1903-1904 Winston. 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