The report concludes that adults with higher qualifications are more likely to report desirable social outcomes, including good or excellent health, participation in volunteer activities, interpersonal trust, and political efficacy. However, data on literacy rates by age groups shows that in most countries, and certainly in virtually all developing countries, there are large generational gaps: younger generations are progressively better educated than older generations. However, the UK faces declines. Over half of students who attend a private university go there because of a lack of space in public universities. These figures, from The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), suggest that we should see rates of education increasing as the world develops – and by 2050, only five countries are likely to have a rate of no education above 20%: these are Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Guinea, Mali and Niger. ​ When citing this entry, please also cite the underlying data sources. They collected data from a large set of psychometrically-robust international and regional student achievement tests available since 1965, and they linked them together in a common measurement system. The visualization shows the recent evolution of inequality in educational attainment, through a series of graphs plotting changes in the Gini coefficient of the distribution of years of schooling across different world regions. These estimates correspond to ‘back projections’: researchers used educational attainment estimates from the UN for the year 2000, and projected backwards from this single year. As incomes – measured by GDP per capita – are generally increasing around the world, this means that the total amount of global resources spent on education is also increasing in absolute terms. It shows that policies matter and learning outcomes can, and often do improve. Education is a valuable investment, both individually and collectively. You are currently viewing a previous year's rankings. Better education lifts all boats. The US has two unique higher education institutions: the two-year community college and the four-year liberal arts college. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2020 includes almost 1,400 universities across 92 countries, standing as the largest and most diverse university rankings ever to date. Low-income, low-performing countries are clustered at the bottom of the global scale: the distribution of test scores within these countries is shifted down, relative to high-performing countries. View the World University Rankings 2018 methodology . As we can see, in all OECD countries for which information is available, the higher the level of education, the greater the relative earnings. Handbook of labor economics, 3, 1801-1863. Of the 2,000 higher education institutions, only 30 are public. Secondary and tertiary education have also seen drastic growth, with global average years of schooling being much higher now than a hundred years ago. The chart shows the number of the world’s young population who are out of school across primary- and secondary-school-age. UCL University College offers more than 40 academy and professional higher education programmes within Business, Technology and Buildings, Education and Social Sciences and Health Sciences contributing to the ongoing development of society. volunteering, political participation, interpersonal trust) and economic growth. You can read more about this source of data, including details on the estimation methodology, in our entry on Projections of Future Education. Policy experiments have also shown that pre-school investment in demand-side inputs leads to large positive impacts on education – and other important outcomes later in life. Hanushek, E. A. Several studies with more sophisticated econometric models corroborate the fact that expenditure on education does not explain well cross-country differences in learning outcomes.16 You can read more about test scores and learning outcomes in our entry on Quality of Education. (2001). Blundell, Richard, et al. Out of the total, 3,026 were 4-year institutions while 1,700 were 2-year institutions. 245-252. Economics of Education Review, 37, 204-212. Lutz, Creso Cuaresma, and Sanderson (2008)26 conclude that “better education does not only lead to higher individual income, but also is a necessary (although not always sufficient) precondition for long-term economic growth.”, The plot, from Hanushek and Woessmann (2010),27 provides a basic representation of the association between test scores and economic growth using data over the period 1960 to 2000. The OECD’s report Education at a Glance (2015) provides descriptive evidence of the link between individual education and income. Private Sector Investment in Higher Education.....28 Table 4.1. Below we provide more detailed evidence of how education inequality has been going down since 1950. While in the last decade the share of public funding for these levels of education has decreased slightly, the broad pattern is remarkably stable. It is the result of increased appreciation of the benefits of education to the individual and society, as well as and increased government provision. These include the medical and technical universities related to the study of sciences. For earlier periods, historians have to reconstruct data from other sources. In contrast, by 2010 the distribution had shifted drastically to the right. National Bureau of Economic Research. Further in-depth information on this topic, including definitions, data sources, historical trends and much more, can be found in our dedicated entry Financing Education. WWWforEurope working paper; Working Paper no 6; Online at http://www.foreurope.eu/fileadmin/documents/pdf/Workingpapers/WWWforEurope_WPS_no006_MS15.pdf. This conceptualization highlights that, for any given level of expenditure, the output achieved will depend on the input mix. In Europe, Italy’s top institutions all make headway among the elite top 200 and German representation remains strong. The graph, from Lee and Lee (2016)7, plots the distribution of the number of years of schooling across the entire adult population, for selected years. Click to open interactive version . The chart plots trends in public expenditure on education as a share of GDP. Delgado, M. S., Henderson, D. J., & Parmeter, C. F. (2014). There are 477 private higher education institutions, of which 53 are private universities and 36 are private university colleges. In the previous interactive visualisation we showed how the average number of years spent in school has been going up constantly across the world. As per the source notes: “Percentage-point difference reflects the relative change of reporting to trust others compared to the reference category. Since then there has generally been a strong upward trend in the gender ratios across all world regions, which indicates that the inequality between men and women in access to education has been declining. Lutz, W., Creso Cuaresma, J., & Sanderson, W. (2008). Jesus Crespo Cuaresma, Samir K.C., and Petra Sauer (2013) – Age-Specific Education Inequality, Education Mobility and Income Growth The University of Vienna is ranked 143 according to the Times Higher Education world rankings and boasts nine institutions in the top 1,000. 245-252. It shows that our world will be inhabited by more and more educated people: while in 1970 there were only around 700 million people in the world with secondary or post-secondary education, by 2100 this figure is predicted to be 10 times larger. Available online from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002252/225258e.pdf, UNESCO points out that “concerns have been also raised that enrolment rates can be overstated in education systems in order to meet goals or due to direct links to levels of financing and resources.”, Source: UNESCO report Measuring Exclusion From Primary Education (2005). You can use all of what you find here for your own research or writing. Regarding the consequences of education, a growing body of empirical research suggests that better education yields higher individual income and contributes towards the construction of social capital and long-term economic growth. Here we focus on enrollment and attendance rates specifically at the primary level. No. The World Higher Education Database (WHED) is the IAU unique online reference portal that provides authoritative information on some 19,800 accredited higher education institutions as well as on higher education systems and credentials in 196 countries and territories. Hanushek E A and Woessmann L (2010), Education and Economic Growth. – OECD. As we can see, literacy rates grew constantly but rather slowly until the beginning of the twentieth century. Available online here. The plotted series for the UK typifies the experience of early-industrialized countries, where enrollment in primary education grew rapidly with the spread of compulsory primary schooling in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Lutz, W., Crespo Cuaresma, J., & Abbasi‐Shavazi, M. J. The IAU WHED Portal has been THE reference tool since 1950for national higher. These figures are simply correlations, and cannot be interpreted causally: individuas with more education are different in many ways to individuals with less education, so we cannot attribute wage differences solely to education choices. Handbook of the Economics of Education, 2. Oxford: Elsevier. Educators and higher education leaders must approach skills competency with a flexible growth mindset that will serve students well across the global, knowledge-based economy – and throughout their careers. on higher education systems, credentialsin 196 countries and territoriesand over. The only university ranking to be independently audited by professional services firm PricewaterhouseCoopers, and trusted worldwide by students, teachers, governments and industry experts, this year’s league table provides great insight into the shifting balance of power in global higher education. Available online here. Average, or mean years of schooling of a population, are typically calculated from data on (i) the distribution of the population by age group and highest level of education attained in a given year; and (ii) the official duration of each level of education. Literacy rates are determined by literacy questions in a census or sample survey of a population, in standardized tests of literacy, or via extrapolation from statistics about school enrollment and educational attainment.2. The previous visualization showed the important progress that countries around the world have made regarding access to education, as measured by enrollment rates. Lindahl, M., and Krueger, A. This is exactly what Nadir Altinok, Noam Angrist and Harry Patrinos did in a new working paper: Global Data Set on Education Quality (1965–2015). In many ways, we in higher education know this, but we have not been able to consistently craft an effective and more complete response to this new situation. As pointed out, those figures were difficult to interpret causally, because they failed to account for important underlying differences in things like hours worked, experience profiles, etc. Thus, further reductions in education inequality are still to be expected within developing countries; and if the expansion of global education can be continued, we can speed up this important process of global convergence. Higher education in the United States is an optional stage of formal learning following secondary education. The time-series chart shows inequality by age group. Card, D. (1999). From a historical perspective, the world went through a great expansion in education over the past two centuries. 19,800officially accredited or recognized higher education institutions (HEIs). Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. Online at the authors site here. The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality and higher values indicate higher inequality – you can read about the definition and estimation of Gini coefficients in our entry on income inequality. Statistics of literacy rates for recent decades are published by statistical offices. THE World University Rankings 2020: methodology, Senior Lecturer/Reader in Gender, Leadership and Inclusion, Assistant/Associate/Full Professor, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Doc­toral Stu­dent in Gen­ome-Scale Al­gorithmics, Assistant Professor of Teaching/Senior Lecturer/Lecturer, Centre for English, St Petersburg Electrotechnical University (LETI), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. In 2018–19, there were 165 higher education institutions in the UK that returned data to the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA). Here we show evidence of this process of education expansion using cross-country estimates of average years of schooling. conditional cash transfers) are particularly likely to increase student time in school; and that those that incentivise academic effort (e.g. The chart shows the earnings of tertiary-educated workers, by level of tertiary education, relative to the earnings of workers with upper secondary education. Elsewhere, Iran has 11 more ranked universities to take its representation up to 40 institutions, while Latin America struggles in a competitive global market – although Brazil adds several more institutions to the list. For 1998 it is estimated that 381 million children were out of school. The marks show averages for each corresponding group, and the smooth lines show the predictions made by a simple econometric model explaining wages by education and experience. w22501). The OECD provides country-specific figures. The implication is that it’s not enough to focus on average outcomes to assess challenges in education quality. Online at the authors site here. Public schools offer a wide range of subjects and the education is considered to be of a higher quality than in private institutions. For a discussion of evidence supporting this claim, see Hanushek, E. A., (2006). For regional estimates, the authors classify the following countries as ‘Advanced Economies’: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, USA, United Kingdom. The interactive map shows recent primary school attendance estimates for a selection of (mainly) low and middle income countries in Africa, where the gaps between attendance and enrollment are largest. In this section we begin by providing an overview of education expenditure around the world, and then turn to the question of how expenditure contributes to the production of education. The link between expenditure and outcomes, Average OECD non-tertiary education expenditure by source of funding, Average learning outcomes vs GDP per capita, Child mortality vs. mean years of schooling, Children in school: administrative vs household survey data, Correlation between education in the past and democracy today, Correlation between mean years of schooling and GDP per capita, Cumulative drop-out rate to the last grade of lower secondary general education, Existence of nationally representative learning assessment at the end of primary education, Gender ratios for mean years of schooling, Gross enrollment ratio in primary education, Gross enrollment ratio in secondary education, Learning outcomes, minimum vs advanced achievement, National average learning outcomes, 1985 vs 2015, Number of people aged 15+ with no education (in millions) by continent, Official entrance age to compulsory education, Out-of-school children of primary school age by world region, Out-of-school girls of primary school age by world region, Political regime vs. Data on years of schooling corresponds to 2010 mean years of schooling for the population aged 15 and over (source: Barro Lee Education dataset). This reflects the fact that there has been a continuous increase in average years of schooling worldwide: as the share of the uneducated population fell over time, the concentration at the lower level became less pronounced. collective) returns to education. There are several international standardised tests that try to measure learning outcomes in a systematic way across countries; but these tests are relatively new, and they tend to cover only specific geographical areas and skills. There are a number of other higher education providers that offer programmes that are validated by Quality and Qualifications Ireland (QQI), the State’s Qualifications and Quality Assurance Authority. A global picture of attainment shows estimates and projections of the total world population by level of education. Angela W. Browne & Hazel R. Barrett (1991) Female Education in Sub‐Saharan Africa: the key to development?, Comparative Education, 27:3, 275-285, DOI: 10.1080/0305006910270303. It shows that income is an important factor that affects both expenditure on education and education outcomes: we can see that above a certain national income level, the relationship between PISA scores and education expenditure per pupil becomes virtually inexistent. Please consult our full legal disclaimer. The causal effect of education on earnings. India's higher education system is the third largest in the world, next to the United States and China. Until 2014 this number fell to 263 million, despite an increase in the global young population.For 2014 it can be seen that at the primary school age the number of girls that are out of school is higher than for boys. In Niger, Chad and Liberia, estimates suggest that less than half of the school-aged children attend primary school. The last two decades have seen a small but general increase in the share of income that countries devote to education. In: Penelope Peterson, Eva Baker, Barry McGaw, (Editors), International Encyclopedia of Education. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the near-total closures of schools, universities and colleges.. In the majority of developing countries, net enrollment rates are higher than attendance rates. And in almost every country, those with post-secondary non-tertiary education were more likely to trust others than those with primary or lower secondary education. UNESCO ‘Recommendation Concerning the International Standardization of Educational Statistics’, Records of the General Conference, tenth session, Paris, 1958: Resolutions, An overview of the academic literature on the historical origins and spread of literacy can be found in Easton, P. (2014). The table is based on 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators that measure an institution’s performance across teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. An important body of literature stipulates that women’s education leads to lower child mortality because it contributes towards healthier habits and choices, including child spacing (see Brown and Barrett 1991 for a more detailed conceptualization of the mechanisms).24. We can also see that in the period 1960-2010, education inequality went down every year, for all age groups and in all world regions. The preceding visualization shows that, despite the fact that literacy is today higher than ever, there are still important challenges in many developing countries. The top chart in this figure, corresponding to high income countries, shows a very clear pattern: households contribute the largest share of expenses in tertiary education, and the smallest share in primary education. However, there is relatively little variation across OECD countries in this respect. School Resources. Higher education courses can be taken to earn an advanced degree and continue your studies in Australia. (2013). Such distribution of private household contributions to education is regressive. In other words, there is robust evidence supporting the causal effect of education on wages (for more details see Card 1999). In collaboration with UNESCO, the IAU WHED Portalprovides authoritative information. The ‘production function’ provides a conceptual framework to think about the determinants of learning outcomes18: where A is skills learned (achievement), s is years of schooling, Q is a vector of school and teacher characteristics (quality), C is a vector of child characteristics (including “innate ability”), H is a vector of household characteristics, and I is a vector of school inputs under the control of households, such as children’s daily attendance, effort in school and in doing homework, and purchases of school supplies. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 245-252. This entry can be cited as: Our World in Data is free and accessible for everyone. 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